Evolution
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heterotrophs
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1
heterotrophs
eats other organisms for energy and nutrients
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2
hadean
archaean
proterozoic
phanerozoic
geologic record is divided into the following: HAPP
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3
oxygen revolution (2.7-2.3 billion years ago)
oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere, causing the extinction of many prokaryotic groups
adapted using cellular respiration to harvest energy
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4
endosymbiont theory
prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria were originally undigested prey/parasites
becoming more interdependent, they eventually become a single organism, forming organelles
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5
second wave of diversification
gave rise to algae, plants, fungi, animals
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6
choanoflagellates
closest living relatives to animals
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7
paleozoic era (542-251 million years ago)
age of invertebrates and vertebrates
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8
cambrian explosion (535 to 525 million years ago)
earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals
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9
bilaterians invertebrates and vertebrates
most fossils from cambrian explosion are _____
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10
chordates
have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
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11
chordates
comprise all vertebrates and 2 groups of invertebrates (urochordates and cephalochordates)
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notochord
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
muscular, post-anal tail
four key characteristics of chordates (NDPM)
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13
provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate
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14
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
develops into the central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
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15
pharyngeal slits or clefts
suspension-feeding structures in invertebrate chordates
gas exchange in vertebrates (except tetrapods)
develop into parts of ear, head, neck in tetrapods
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16
muscular post-anal tail
in many species, the tail is greatly reduced during embryonic development
contains skeletal elements and muscles providing propelling force in aquatic species
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17
tetrapoda
“four legs” in greek
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18
tetrapods
evolved from lobe-finned fishes around 365 million years ago
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19
phylum chordata
made up of animals with vertebrates or a spinal column and a cranium
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20
mesozoic era (251-65.5 million years ago)
first mammals emerged
coral reefs emerged
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21
cenozoic era (65.5 million years ago-present)
dinosaur mass extinction and marine reptiles
age of mammals after dinosaurs and other large animals went extinct
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22
global warming and ocean acidification
anoxic conditions
formation of clouds
factors that might have contributed to mass extinctions
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23
larva
sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult
undergoes metamorphosis to become a juvenile
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24
juvenile
resembles an adult but is not sexually mature
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25
hox genes
found in only animals
regulates development of body form
encodes and specifies the position of body parts, ensuring that correct structures form in the correct places
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26
body plan
a set of morphological and developmental traits
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27
radial symmetry
no visible front or back or left and right
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28
bilateral symmetry
two-sided symmetry
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29
dorsal
top side of bilaterally symmetrical animals
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30
ventral
bottom side of bilateral symmetrical animals
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31
anterior
front end of bilateral symmetrical animals
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posterior
back ends of bilateral symmetrical animals
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33
sessile or planktonic (drifting/weak swimming)
radial animals movement is _______
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34
often move more actively and have a central nervous system
bilateral animals move ______
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35
sponges
_____ and a few other groups lack true tissues
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36
ectoderm and endoderm
diploblastic animals have _____ and ______
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37
triploblastic animals
flatworms
arthropods
vertebrates
etc
have an intervening mesoderm layer
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38
coelomates
animals that have a true coelom
true body cavity is called a coelom and is derived from mesoderm
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39
pseudocoelomates
triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom
dervied from mesoderm and endoderm
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40
acoelomates
triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity
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41
deuterostomia
ecdysozoa
lophotrochozoa
bilaterians are divided into three clades: DEL
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42
deuterostomia
greek: “second mouth”
anus is first to develop
includes vertebrates and invertebrates
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43
ecdysozoa
clade of invertebrates that shed their exoskeletons through a process called ecdysis
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44
lophotrochozoa
have a feeding structure called a lophophore
others go through a distinct developmental stage called the trochophore larva
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